"Mitochondria have evolved from an ancient aerobic bacterium that took up residence inside the cytoplasm of an anaerobic host cell."

"The fact that mitochondria are similar in size to bacteria is more than coincidental, since a body of evidence suggests that these organelles have evolved from bacteria that lived symbiotically within other cells. In some cells, such as those of early embryos, mitochondria are almost spherical in shape, whereas in others, such as fibroblasts, they are elongate, threadlike structures.

"Consistent with their central role in making chemical energy available to a cell, mitochondrial size, number, and intracellular location vary from one type of cell to another. An average mammalian liver cell contains about 1500 mitochondria, corresponding to 15 to 20 percent of the cell's volume. Mitochrondria are even more numerous in muscle cells, which require large amounts of ATP to fuel their contraction. Mitochondria are often associated with fatty acid–containing oil droplets from which they derive raw materials to be oxidized."

"Cells employ mitochondria — microscopic creatures captured eons ago — to extract energy from food. Mitochondria have their own genes, separate from the usual human blueprints, and scientists long believed that only mothers passed them on to the next generation.

"Danish scientists have documented the first known exception to the rule, a man whose muscle cells contain mitochondria that came mainly from his father," according to Marianne Schwartz, geneticist at Copenhagen University Hospital. It could have been a mutation in the genetic materia for the mitochondria from the mother that forced paternal derivation. So prospective fathers need to follow the same proscriptions as women for progeny in the future.

"Lynn Margulis, a biologist at Amherst College ... believes that through symbiosis radically different life forms combine to accomplish more than either could separately."

Dr. Ryan continues...

"The mitochrondria that provide animal cells with oxygen–derived energy were once independent bacteria that were engulfed by the primal cells that later evolved into animals. This is almost certainly the explanation for a curious paradox. Mitochondria have their own hereditary DNA which needs to divide by its own private little binary fission every time the cell itself divides. And plant cells too have their astonishing equivalent, chloroplasts, which provide them with the ability to photosynthesize."

"Why it is that we and the universe exist? If we find the answer to that, it would be the untimate triumph of human reason — for then we would know the mind of God."

"The cell bodies of coral, an animal, embrace in their living protoplasm the bodies of algae, which are plants. The algae make sugars and starches through photosynthesis that provide nourishment for the coral, while the coral provides a shelter and supplies of otherwise scarce phosphate and nitrogen essential to the algae. Bacteria fix nitrogen around the roots of leguminous plants; other bacteria fix sulphur or methane in symbiotic partnerships with marine invertebrates"

"All of the great cycles of life on earth are symbiotic in a more holistic sense. So green plants on land and in water, produce the oxygen that animals, including humans, breathe. Animals, in their turn, produce the carbon dioxide the plants need to manufacture carbohydrates. The humble bacteria that teem in soil recycle elements such as carbon and nitrogen, derived from the complex chemicals and proteins of animals and plants, and enable the new generation of plants to reutilize them in their growth. How extraordinary it is to realize that if these humble microbes that live in the soil were to die off, all of the higher life on earth, including humanity, would become extinct! The harder one looks, the more important the role of symbiosis in all of the great cycles and balances that play such a vital role in life on earth."

• Oxidative Stress — This occurs when ROS production exceeds the cells' removal capacity. "When ROS are produced faster than they can be removed by the cellular defenses, the cellular mechanisms" become stressed by reactive oxygen species:
  The oxygen we consume from the air, molecular oxygen, is fed throughout the body, being used in several systems. The Respiratory Cellular System (also known as the Electron Transport Chain), oxygen will accept electrons from NADH. Many of you reading this have found that taking such a substance from your natural food store has increased your energy, noticed recovery from infections and illnesses quicker, and overall feeling better. The body also gets the NAD radical from niacin—the B vitamin that flushes one. Oxygen also accepts electrons from FAD(2H). The Electron Transport Chain is where part of your oxygen goes. The remainder is used by Oxidases and Oxygenases in the cells of the body. The former are enzymes (protein in nature) that reduce oxygen and cause it to gain electrons, and be converted to water or hydrogen peroxide. The latter, Oxygenases, are enzymes that incorporate molecular oxygen from the atmosphere directly into the molecules being oxidized.
  Food "burning" in our bodies is a very dangerous process, if the electron transport system was not in place. Just remember these foods are organic molecules known as substrates—the thing that oxygen is used in by means of enzymes bringing the two together and causing oxidation, one step at time. This is important! Without such enzymes, an explosive nature exists. Without these enzymes, energy is released all at once. This is an important point to grasp for The Killing Mechanism, Part II.
  These oxidases/oxygenases are not coupled to the production of ATP. Remember, ATP is the energy currency of the body. Without that, life as we know it does not exist. Regardless, these latter oxidations are necessary for the drug detoxifications, the catabolism (breakdown) of amino acids, and steroid hormone synthesis.
  Now, we come to a very important point. Because of oxygen's electronic structure, physiological oxidation reactions (generation of energy and detoxifications), those reactions of a toxicological nature (detoxifications) occur via single electron transfers. The oxygen in the atmosphere, molecular oxygen, that which we breathe, if one takes a match; strikes it, and it bursts into flames; then, if one holds a material such as paper, organic molecules, it bursts suddenly into flames when the heat of combustion is reached.
  Let's say this another way: When the oxygen of the air has enough energy applied to it, as in a match, in the presence of an organic molecule, spontaneous combustion occurs, as in gasoline (hydrocarbon—organic molecules) vapors that are not dispersed quickly enough, but that float in a cloud. Ask any war veteran if he has seen an explosion of vapors rising and expanding in all directions, creating a roiling ball of fire.
  You should now begin to see what keeps the body from spontaneous combustion in a sea of oxygen around us as we use oxygen in our bodies. As given above, this is a simple process involved in the electron transport system utilizing enzymes. In the case of detoxifications, or anywhere else oxygen is used in the body, when it comes into contact with biomolecules' (organic molecules) enzymes, especially in the respiratory system, the enzymes reduce oxygen one step at a time, otherwise, you are going to see the most rapid spontaneous combustion ever.
  You will probably see something analogous to a sodium flash in a chemistry laboratory experiment performed by the professor when he is using sodium to demonstrate why one should be cautious with such an item when in the presence of oxygen and moisture. Sodium metal spontaneously goes into combustion. It can be awesome when one witnesses a phosphorous explosion in combat. Almost a blinding flash of light as anything in the immediate vicinity is vaporized.
  The reason for this is that dioxygen (molecular oxygen) has two electrons that are unpaired. It is a free radical actually, but not referred to as such. Its electrons spin parallel (two unpaired electrons with a parallel spin) and are antibonding because of this configuration. This antibonding parallel spin prevents organic molecules (molecules containing carbon) such as those forming humans and other forms of life, from igniting spontaneously in an atmosphere of oxygen.
  What happens is that energy is transferred slowly from a carbon to hydrogen molecule (organic molecules), one electron step at a time from an organic molecule to oxygen by means of enzymes, these oxidations of foodstuffs or transferring of electrons within a human's electron transport chain, occur smoothly.The enzymes doing this use transition metals, such as iron, Fe (II), and copper, Cu (I) in cytochrome oxidase. Over eons of time, cytochrome oxidase learned how to do this by overcoming spin restrictions. This is a quantum mechanics thing. We will explain without all the math and do so in a simplified manner.
  Oxygen, as you have been reading, is toxic and necessary to have life as we know it. This two–edged sword is a paradox. This paradox favors dioxygen (molecular oxygen) in a step wise reduction in single electron movements producing carbon dioxide, water, and energy, or rather the energy currency of the cell, ATP. By having the oxygen molecule, which can accept a total of 4 electrons to be reduced to 2 molecules of water, can be reduced one electron at a time, with two electrons moving down the electron transport gradient at a time.
  Karp says it this way in the Fourth Edition of Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments:

  "The carriers of the electron–transport chain are arranged in order of increasingly positive redox potential. Each carrier is reduced (gains electrons) by the gain of electrons from the preceding carrier in the chain and is subsequently oxidized by the loss of electrons to the carrier following it. Thus, electrons are passed from one carrier to the next, losing energy as they move 'downhill' along the chain. The final acceptor of this electron 'bucket brigade' is O₂, which accepts the energy–depleted electrons and is reduced to water."

  "The stepwise reduction slows the direct combination of oxygen with organic compounds (spontaneous combustion) and allows the cell to oxidize fuels through the action of dehydrogenases, which eventually couple the reducing power of oxygen to ATP generation in the electron transport chain"— Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach, Marks & Marks, Smith.
  The paradox is this: Because of the structure of oxygen, reactive oxygen species are generated which are capable of, and do cause, cell injury as we age. However, because of the tremendous PUFAs, normal cellular defenses are continually overwhelmed and dysfunction comes on sooner; then, disease; then, death. We have been set–up for The Killing Mechanism, Part I and Part II, by overabundance of drugs, PUFAs, endocrine disrupters, pollution of waters, food, and the air we breathe. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a built–in mechanism that is spewed off from this pecularity of oxygen. We will investigate this closer soon. But for now, let us continue in the presentation of oxygen and its necessity for life; how it can cause cellular dysfunction, and why we do not burst into spontaneous combustion just breathing the atmospheric oxygen around us.
  Cellular injury, ROS, and phagocytosis (defense against foreign objects, mainly microbes) use oxygen in these events, such as ischemia (a condition generated by a loss of supply of oxygen which then also decreases ATP production), and in other conditions in the body that cause more ROS generation from oxygen.
  Oxygen has, as given above, 2 unpaired electrons in different orbits that spin parallel to one another. This is an antibonding effect for those electrons. This configuration is most stable (ground state) for oxygen. It is this form that exists around us in nature—the air we breathe. Here, oxygen is a potent oxidizing agent. It is known as a strong oxidant. It will receive electrons from other molecules.
  But, the biomolecules (substrates—that which is acted upon), lipids, fats, DNA, carbohydrates, and any organic (contains carbon) molecules have 2 paired electrons with antiparallel spins.
  For oxygen to accept a pair of electrons from organic molecules, either one of the oxygen molecules; or, one of the incoming electrons from the substrate (organic molecules) must spin invert. In other words, oxygen and the biomolecules (or substrate) must be parallel to one another in their spins or antiparallel. They become one. They have similar spins in the parallel or antiparallel state. But, there is a Spin Restriction such that "there is a large thermodynamic barrier to spin inversion, and it would have to occur through a multistep process with a high activation energy. The kinetic barrier resulting from this spin restriction slows down direct oxidation of carbon to hydrogen bonds in organic molecules and deters the spontaneous combustion of fuels." — Ibid
  This spin restriction forces oxygen to accept electrons in a step–wise fashion, one electron at a time. And, this helps explain why oxygen reacts sluggishly with organic molecules or non–radicals. On the other hand, oxygen reacts quite expediently with other radicals by transferring single electrons.
  Consider this: You have a book that is in pristine condition; that is, the pages are not yellow. Fifteen to thirty years from now you look again at that book and the pages are yellowing and some are dark yellow brown. Years later, many of those pages have disintegrated. What is happening is that the book pages are oxidizing, they are burning very slowly. The oxygen in the air is reacting slowly with the paper and the yellow and brown pages are in a slow burn. But, if you strike a match to the pages, this is bringing a high enough temperature increase whereby it bursts into flames. You added energy in the form of higher temperature.
  If a human body, or a plant, or any organic molecules have high temperatures brought near them, homolytic bond fission occurs and oxygen reacts with gusto and leaps onto the radicals formed from the high temperatures, and combustion is started — Gilbert, 1981; Halliwell and Gutteridge, 2006. Most molecules in living things are non radicals, but, apply enough energy and things change; thermodynamic barriers to spin inversions are overcome and spontaneous combustion occurs.
  As we move more into the Arm of Orion in the Milky Way Galaxy, enormous energies in the form of huge electric currents and powerful electromagnetic fields are present that can serve as the energy source if we broach them to cause:
  • Spin inversion (and you know what this means from the above paragraphs); or,

  • High temperatures to overcome the single electron step–wise reduction; or,

  We are going to see things we have never seen before! Many are going to perish from this...but, this is dependent upon the Stars and what is in them as we pass near these heavenly bodies.
  This does not happen with oxygen in our bodies or the oxygen on the outside of our persons because of the Spin Restrictions. But...if they are overcome by some awesome means, then this will happen.
  Just now, the Sun's Heliosphere, the Sun's protective bubble is shrinking, The London Daily Telegraph reports December 1, 2008, London, England, UK:

  "Dr Nathan Schwadron, co-investigator on the IBEX mission at Boston University, said: 'The interstellar medium, which is part of the galaxy as a whole, is actually quite a harsh environment. There is a very high energy galactic radiation that is dangerous to living things.

  "'Around 90 per cent of the galactic cosmic radiation is deflected by our heliosphere, so the boundary protects us from this harsh galactic environment.'

  "The heliosphere is created by the solar wind, a combination of electrically charged particles and magnetic fields that emanate a more than a million miles an hour from the sun, meet the intergalactic gas that fills the gaps in space between solar systems."

  Keep this in mind when we write more of The Killing Mechanism, Part II. We are left more vulnerable to what is coming from the Stars if the heliosphere goes. We still have to deal with The Galactic Plane!
  .... And read about 90 Seconds From Hell, and what it could do to Planet Earth... but first read the following from McAlvaney and ponder it in your head as you read the hot link:

  "In the 1970s government statisticians calculated that if all electricity were cut off, 30 % of the population would be dead within a month. Within a year, 80 % would be dead. And that was back in the 1970s ... now it's worse!"– The McAlvaney Intelligence Advisor, August 1999.

  ---

  Basic Medical Biochemistry writes:

  "One–electron reductions of oxygen are not subject to the kinetic barrier imposed by spin restriction, and occur in the presence of one–electron donors. The Oxygen molecule, which can accept a total of 4 electrons to be reduced to 2 molecules of water, can be reduced one electron at a time. However, the first step, the formation of superoxide, is not thermodynamically favorable and requires a moderately strong reducing agent which can donate single electrons.

  "Enzymes that catalyze the reduction of oxygen, such as cytochrome oxidase in the electron transport chain must have mechanisms that get around the spin restriction and/or the energy requirement of the first electron transfer. In addition, they must have active sites that prevent the interaction of these partially reduced forms (including hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, organic radicals, organic peroxide radicals, hypochlorous acid, and singlet oxygen) of oxygen with other cellular components."

  Note:
  Cytochrome Oxidase is "An enzyme complex comprising the terminal two cytochromes (cytochromes a and a³) of the respiratory chain in the mitochondria. It is responsible for the reduction of oxygen, receiving two electrons from cytochrome c (which precedes it in the chain) and combining them with two hydrogen ions and an oxygen atom to form water" — Oxford Dictionary of Biology.
  The main point to be recognized is that if anything happens to any one of the enzymes in the electron transport chain, energy goes down. The organism stumbles...goes down...as a drunken individual. And can't get up again in this case if the enzyme is not restored. The body, biochemically, cannot build and repair efficiently when energy is down; nor can motor (muscular) movement occur effectively when the energy currency of the body (ATP) is down.
  The Stress that we are going to witness soon will most definitely do the following, among other things:

  Stress decreases thyroid activity. Decreased thyroid activity decreases cytochrome oxidase (the respiratory enzyme), which generates into tiredness and lethargy. If stress is sustained, building and repair biochemically goes down...disease ensues...death eventually results sooner...or later.

  Stress increases Cortisol (stress hormone) production, which lowers or decreases cytochrome oxidase activity (Simon, et al., 1998).
  Thus, we have stress lowering thyroid activity, which extrapolates to decreased cytochrome oxidase activity, and stress increasing cortisol activity, which also lowers cytochrome oxidase.
  Dr. Ray Peat Writes in Ray Peat's Newsletter, November 2008, page 2:

  "With decreased activity of respiratory enzyme, the brain will be in a relatively reduced state, with a higher ratio of NADH (a reduced substance that transfers electrons from the glycolysis sequence to the electron transport chain) to NAD (oxidized substance) (Pasichna, et al.m 2004; Steen, et al., 1987).

  "Cells are more susceptible to free radical damage in the reduced state, and this contributes to lipid peroxide."

  Note:
  NADH is produced also "in the Krebs cycle and in conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA" — An Introduction to Chemistry for Biology Students, Seventh Edition, Sackheim, George I.
  Dr. Peat Continues:

  "In MS, lipid peroxidation, indicating oxidative stress, is increased (Toshniwal and Zarling, 1992)."

  Your editor and Dr. Brocato believes, and facts prove this out, that not only is Multiple Sclerosis increasing, but, it will explode upon the scene with a vengence as the stress goes up. Lipid peroxidation is caused by peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, especially the omega 3s, including fish oils. What is the American population told to eat more of?
  When peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) occurs, one of the end products formed is isoprostanes, produced from those PUFAs as oxidative stress occurs. These isoprostanes are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of the Multiple Sclerosis patients. This fluid bathes the brain and spinal column. The isoprostanes attack the myelin sheath of nerves contained therein. This damage is now recognized as foreign material and it is the job of certain cells to remove it. The medical profession, for the most part, still does not allow this thought in its culture. Hence, physicians are still using "'genes' and the 'immune system,' with 'autoimmunity' possibly triggered by a previous viral infection, such as measels" — Ibid.
  It appears that vitamin D, pregnenolone, progesterone, thyroid hormone, and no PUFAs, may help an MS patient go into remission. It may keep one from developing MS.

  ---

  Stress And Electron Transporters

  ---

  Stress also produces nitric oxide, which first counters the stress. It does this by causing the blood vessels to open and more blood is delivered to tissues. Nitric oxide also does something else: It inhibits the respiratory enzyme, cytochrome oxidase, the terminal carrier for electrons in the electron transport chain, to hand off electrons to oxygen to form water. In this process, the energy currency of the body, ATP, is generated, along with, as given, water and carbon dioxide.
  When cytochrome oxidase is inhibited in function, oxygen needs are reduced. The major production of energy is shifted to glycolysis. This forms lactic acid instead of carbon dioxide. This process happens in the body when oxygen becomes scarce.
  This action moves in raising the pH of cells. When this occurs, we have a higher (spoken above) ratio of NADH to NAD. As given above, as this ratio is generated and sustained, we have a situation in which cells are more susceptible to damage from free radicals. This extrapolates to peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. When this happens, cells leak. This is occurring through the organism ingesting fatty acids as such, and more in those organisms ingesting prodigious amounts of the omega 3 fats.
  But, other things happen when this ratio of NADH/NAD is elevated. The respiratory enzyme is temporary elevated and can become permanent. The dilated blood vessels then become even more permeable. When this occurs, molecules leak from the plasma to tissues. Blood outside of its domain is toxic to tissues.
  Still, to make matters worse, the lactate generated also contributes to vascular permeability. And the situation gets even worse as the lactate itself facilitates permeability of the blood vessels. Also, lactate interferes with cytochrome oxidase, the respiratory enzyme, production.
  Dr. Ray Peat, PhD., writes in his November 2008, newsletter:

  "Many stress-related factors besides NO (nitric oxide) contribute to vascular leakiness, including cortisol, estrogen, prolactin, histamine, serotonin, carbon monoxide, polyunsaturated fatty acids, prostaglandins, and probably endogenous opiates, such as beta-endorphins. During hypoxia (low oxygen) beta-endorphin also suppresses respiration (Xu, et al., 199), and lowers the metabolic rate (Lin and Su, 1979). "Stress can cause vascular leakiness in any organ, and can disrupt the blood brain barrier, causing leakiness into the brain."

  From what you are reading, you can see that the inordinate amount of stress coming from within and from without is going to cause enormous problems. Some to many of the world's population will go down. When this is all over, early Church Saints predicted from 2/3s to 3/4s of the world's population will be reduced. In fact, we'll have trouble finding one another.
  Dr. Peat further writes in the November 2008, newsletter:

  "Fibrin and fibrinogen, the blood clotting proteins, and their breakdown products, and other proteins, fats, and even red blood cells, can pass from the blood into the brain (Esposito, et al., 2001, 2002; Theoharides, et al., 2007). The entry of fibrin and related proteins into the brain precedes the entry of cells (Floris, et al., 2003)."

  We are going to see more Multiple Sclerosis, and in MS an increased blood viscosity (thickness) will generate blood clots rapidly, with a lessening of the ability to remove those clots.
  Your WebMaster's question, with all the sexual enhancing drugs in the environment, the increased sales of nitric oxide stimulators, and medications to enhance lowering of blood pressure and opening the penile vascular bed, whether the world may be on the eve of destruction from just these modalities alone, which it has never witnessed before.
  Comment:

  Dr. Brocato wonders how many parents may have unwittingly programmed their infants and children for The Killing Mechanism by feeding them soya (estrogenic actions).

  And this is coupled with the fact of increased consumption of polyunsaturated fats in that age group, the same as with all other age groups.

  We have been programmed for death! We are Picnicking on The Banks of Hell and are now slipping into the abyss.

  ---

  Endotoxin from bacteria in the gut, also increases the production of cortisol, among other things. And with all the unsaturated fats we are told to ingest, leaky gut occurs, increasing the absorption of endotoxin into the bloodstream.
  Dr. Mary G. Enig, Ph.D, world–class lipids chemist, writes in the Spring 2007, issue of Wise Traditions, pp. 56 – 57:

  "As far as cancer prevention is concerned, EFAs represent a two–edge sword. Small numbers in the cell membrane do allow oxygen to enter the cell, but if the cell membrane contains too many unsaturated fatty acids, the cell becomes 'leaky' with all sorts of compounds going into and out of the cell when they are not supposed to.

  EFAs can easily become rancid, meaning that free radicals develop during processing, cooking and exposure to air, causing uncontrolled reactions in the body. And finally...a surfeit of EFAs lowers immunity. For these reasons, EFAs can contribute to cancer, even though they also play a role in preventing cancer."

  It should be readily understood and seen that the human race is now in serious trouble. A WipeOut is on the horizon. Reconsider The Killing Mechanism, Part One with A & B parts and what humans have been eating, drinking, and breathing, a programmed dysfunction is staring humanity in the face. Many are not going to make it through this first part.
  The unknown in the Second Part, also involving A & B coming, from the Stars and in and of itself can do a massive kill–off. And this coupling to B, with Spin Restrictions of organisms possibly changing, the over ingestion of PUFAs, and the inordinate amount of ROSs formed in both Part I and Part II, creates a condition in place for a massive die–off, as biochemistries have been set–up for a WipeOut. Part A of the Second Part of that from the Stars in and of itself can create a WipeOut.
  Those that survive The Galactic Plane's problems' wipeout (radiations, EMFs, enormous electric currents, tidal waves, volcanoes, rocks falling, etc.) will generate in their offspring chemistries that will succumb eventually (the die–off), the B Portion of the Second Part. This will be coupled with weakened biochemistries of various organisms that survive the initial attack from the stars, and they too will succumb. Then, throughout all this, those fittest biochemistries that make it through The Killing Mechanism: Part I, A & B; Part II, A & B, will be "Survival of The Fittest."
  Remember, Part I, A is all the confusion, chaos, strife, and lack of food and energy products. Part B of I is the inordinate amount of stress, coupled with Part A, will cause dysfunction, disease, and death. Part II of The Killing Mechanism has an A and B part also.
  Let's take the B part first. The oxidative stress will be more than an organism can handle, coupled with Part B of Part I. And this reflects back to the coupling of these B's with the A of Part I. But still, there's more: That which is coming from the stars, conjoined with the two B's (Part I B and Part II B) will create ultimate havoc on the biochemistries of any organism that is not the fittest biochemically. We will not know who these biochemistries of the fittest are until it is all over. Of course, a spherule, or a rock, or a volcano, or a giant flood, could get one of the fittest, and he, too, won't survive. See all this we have given, The Killing Mechanism, Part I (A & B) and Part II, with A & B as one Single–Instant generalization.

• Cellular Defenses:
  When oxidative stress is present, cellular defenses go into action quelling the response from reactive oxidative species (ROS). Since there is a continuous generation of ROS from microsecond to microsecond in all the 100 plus trillion cells of the body, cellular defenses are constantly on the move. A number of mechanisms have developed to null and void the ROS reactions, such as Superoxide dismutase (SOD).
  This removes (see Chart Above: Reactive Oxygen Species) the superoxide anion free radical. Catalase, which is ubiquitous throughout the body, except the brain, and does not seem to diminish much throughout the aging process, scavanges hydrogen peroxide, and glutathione peroxidase removes lipid peroxides (aka lipid hydroperoxides), LOOH.
  Not generally appreciated is that "Since brain has little catalase, this latter enzyme (glutathione peroxidase) possibly is the main one for protection against H₂O₂ in that organ" — Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Elliott & Elliott, Third Edition.
  You can't go out and buy glutathione peroxidase. If you could, it would be digested by the digestive juices. But, you can get glutathione. Coupled with the proteins in your diet, and if you ingest a little selenium, your body does have at least the raw products to make it if the body is working well enough.
  Glutathione can be purchased at natural food stores and is found in cruciferous vegetables, which include cauliflower, broccoli, brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage. It is also found in horseradish. However, horseradish may interfere with certain tests your physician may have performed on occasion. Thus, if tests are to be run, be off the horseradish for several days to a week. But, these are the vegetables you most definitely want to grow, in addition to others, when food becomes scarce. Plan ahead and have heirloom seeds stored for these vegetables and others.
  However, there is "leakage" of ROS from cellular compartments, where these ROS products are maintained and broken down. This leakage is increased with consumption of PUFAs, and if these deadly components (highly reactive oxygen substances) are not scavenged, they can do damage to surrounding cells and membranes.
  If the cellular compartments become damaged, say from leakage, then a pulse of ROS has free reign to do damage to organelles' membranes, such as mitochondria (cell's powerhouse where ATP is generated); or, to DNA membrane, wreaking havoc on the genome. They are no longer under the "watchful eye" of catalase and other enzymes that scavenge these free radicals. But the damage is quickly contained by other chemicals, vitamins, and the mineral selenium complexed to proteins, which is necessary for the completion of glutathione peroxidase. These peroxidases are selenoproteins found essentially in all tissues. Over time, ravage occurs from "leakage," and one ages.
  With the immense stress now here and more coming very soon now, and the chaos coming to America that one has never seen before, the excessive stress will accelerate ROS damage faster. Just look at the various Presidents of the U.S. when they enter office; then, a few years later; when they leave. Old is the word! And, if you notice carefully when they speak after leaving office, or in a second term, they appear to have cognitive deficits in formulating their words or thoughts near the end of that second term. They do stumble through it, but the vim and vigor is gone. Their aggressive speech is gone...and their bodies are gone...soon for good.
  Peroxisomes are peroxide bodies, known as cytoplasmic organelles. They are involved in oxidative reactions that use molecular oxygen. These peroxide bodies are "a small organelle (a type of microbody) that is bounded by a single membrane and found in plant and animal cells. It contains enzymes that are involved in oxidation processes, some of which generate the highly toxic compound hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Hence, peroxisomes are equipped with catalase, an enzyme that breaks down H₂O₂ into water and oxygen. Peroxisomes are the main site of fatty–acid oxidation in plant cells and also play a significant role in this regard in animal cells. They are responsible for neutralizing toxins absorbed from the blood, especially in the cells of the liver parenchyma and proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney" — Oxford Dictionary of Biology: New Edition.
  From this, one can see what fresh hell is caused to the liver and kidneys of the organism daily. Other cells of an organism are under attack as are these just enumerated.
  There are peroxisome proliferators such as various xenobiotics (drugs, medications, plasticizers, etc.). Peroxisome proliferation is associated with DNA damage in the cell.
  "Reactive oxygen species generated from cellular organelles (in particular the endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes and mitochondria) constitute a major source of oxygen radicals produced in cells. Peroxisomes are major sites of oxygen utilization where molecular oxygen is used to remove hydrogen from organic substrates. An end product of this reaction is hydrogen peroxide. Typically, catalase, which is present in the peroxisomes, reduces the hydrogen peroxide to water. Certain xenobiotics (peroxisome proliferators) are able to induce an increase in the number and size of peroxisomes in the cell.
  "When this occurs, enzymes responsible for beta–oxidation of fatty acids in peroxisomes are increased 20– to 30–fold while catalase activity is increased only two–fold. Thus, more hydrogen peroxide is produced than can be scavenged by the catalase. It has been suggested that hydrogen peroxide can in turn "leak" from these peroxisomes. This additional hydrogen causes an oxidative stress in the cell. The excess production of hydrogen peroxide in the cells has been demonstrated with a number of peroxisome proliferating compounds..." — Free Radical Toxicology, p. 379.
  In normal cellular metabolism, such as that found in cytochrome P–450 enzymes, reactive oxygen species may be generated from foreign substances. ROS is everywhere in the body and "leaks" from its protective compartments, causing damage. Obsolescence is built into the body.
  Drugs, medications, just staying alive, exercise, and practically anything that uses oxygen, generates ROS that eventually gets us. There are some things we can do to lessen its effects and excessive generation, such as reducing PUFAs, keeping lipid peroxidation down as much as possible, ingesting a sensible diet with reduced calories, using coconut and palm kernel oil, real beef fat, butter, lard, and tallow, among other things, but in the end those who survive will be those with superior biochemistries.
  We do not know who they are. Hence, it behooves one to follow the ideas given in this document and hope we improve our biochemistry, such that it will be ready for the tremendous onslaught it has been set up for from the total collapse of our economic system, the unbelievable confusion and chaos that is being generated. Then, we have, possibly, terrific forces coming from the stars.

• Vitamins, Minerals & Enzymes Defenses:
  As discussed above, cells have a number of procedures or mechanisms to guard and protect themselves from reactive oxygen species. As given previously, the enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD), scavenges (removes) the free radical, superoxide. SOD is a free radical sink for the superoxide anion.
  "A radical, by definition, is an atom that has an unpaired electron in an outer orbital. It is highly reactive, and can initiate chain reactions by extracting an electron from a neighboring molecule to complete its own orbital. In contrast, the transition metals such as Fe (iron), Cu (copper), and Mo (molybdenum) are more stable and are not considered free radicals.
  "O₂ is really a biradical; it has two unpaired electrons. Because the 2 electrons have parallel spins, they cannot form a thermodynamically stable pair, and reside in separate orbitals" — Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach.
  Glutathione peroxidase, formed from glutathione, selenium, and proteins, is important with catalase. These two enzymes are necessary for removing hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides.
  Other antioxidants or cell defenders against reactive oxygen species are vitamins C and E. Cells are also protected by compartmentalization of the mechanisms that generate highly reactive oxygen species. And herein lies a problem we spoke of earlier: If the compartment breaks down or is not repaired properly as one ages; or, due to dysfunction, disease, drugs, microbes, medications, stress, etc., there is an outpouring of ROS that destroys surrounding cell membranes, DNA and other organelles. This is oxidative stress:

  It tilts the "see–saw," ROS to Removal Capacity, in the down–direction toward the position where ROS sits. The up–direction of the see–saw is where cellular compartments are riding, including cellular enzymes, vitamins E and C, and other cell defenses, such as catalase. When ROS is produced faster than they are removed, the ratio of ROS to its Removal is high and Oxidative Stress is occurring.

  As these processes continue and repair is made, but always with diminishing effect, the organism ages and eventually dies. Obsolescence is built into organisms. You may slow it down with so–called "good nutrition" and ingesting "anti–aging" neutraceuticals, but this is dependent upon one's basic biochemistry: Survival of the Fittest. It is coming and you cannot avoid it. This involves how quickly one repairs, builds, attacks and destroys negatives in the body. It involves how quickly and efficiently one's chemistry sinks ROS. It involves how little one's physiology allows "leakage."
  And all this, coupled to the unbelievable stress we are going to enter into and be forced to endure creates more bond scission — the breaking of a chemical (electrical) bonds (connections) in a compound in which the fragments are unchanged free radicals, such that, if an outside force of enormous magnitude, as that coming from the stars, will cause more than free radicals to be formed, but continue beyond that, such that the electrical connections holding the atoms forming the cells, forming the tissues together, that makes liver, kidneys, muscles, etc., come apart, and do not reform, disintegration occurs. More on this shortly with proteins, DNA, etc.
  The antioxidant vitamins, vitamins E, C, and β–carotene are compartmentalized. Vitamins E and β–carotene are found in membranes as these vitamins are lipid soluble. Vitamin C, being water soluble, is present in the cell's cytosol, the fluid content of the cytoplasm outside of the membrane organelles.

• More on Reactive Oxygen Species:
  • Its Mechanism of Formation:
    As was given in the chart on ROS above, there are a number of oxygen metabolites. The major ones produced when oxygen is reduced one electron at a time are the reactive oxygen species: Superoxide (O₂^–), the hydroxyl free radical (OH^.), and the form of oxygen that is partially reduced, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂).
    Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach writes:

    "The free radicals are capable of reacting indiscriminately with any molecules with which they come in contact, extracting electrons, and generating new free radicals in cytotoxic oxidative chain reactions. The hydroxyl radical is probably the most potent of the ROS (what your WebMasters call the 'Chess Knight' of free radicals), and the probable initiator of the chain reactions which form lipid peroxides (ROOH) and organic radicals. Hydrogen peroxide, although not actually a radical, is an oxidizing agent and, in the presence of Fe²⁺ (Iron (II)) or another transition metal, generates the hydroxyl radical by the Fenton reaction.

    "Because hydrogen peroxide is lipid soluble, it can create damage at localized Fe²⁺–containing membranes far from its site of formation."

    Now, think about all the people who are ingesting food–grade hydrogen peroxide. Natural food stores, nutritionists, dentists, physicians, and others tell them how great it is to kill various microbes—it is.

    But, consider this: They counter the fact that hydrogen peroxide is removed by catalase. It is also removed by glutathione peroxidase, which is never mentioned. The point is this. It "cured" this or that, yet, the question that begs answer is oxidative stress. No one ever mentions this, nor do they mention that it may have, indeed, stopped or put in remission someone's symptoms and pain and suffering; only later to cause all the dysfunctions and disease conditions, such as cancer and others, to surface later because of the enhanced ROS the ingesters of hydrogen peroxide have to deal with. Oxidative Stress gets them in the end...maybe sooner. And they never consider leakage! And everyone leaks, especially as we get older.

    Basic Medical Biochemistry continues:

    "The superoxide anion, which can be formed from free O₂ by donation of an electron to another free radical, is highly reactive but has limited lipid solubility and cannot diffuse far. However, O₂^– can also generate the more reactive hydroxyl and hydroperoxy radicals by reaction with hydrogen peroxide in the Haber–Weiss reaction" — Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach, page 330.

    A major reason the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun is so damaging to skin is probably due to the formation of the hydroxyl radical. To help the internal mechanism (catalase) protect against this potent toxic chemical, one should consider ingesting carnosine. It will scavange the free hydroxyl radical (HO^.).

    Ionizing radiation produces in the organism oxygen free radicals, reactive oxygen species, and this is out of balance with ROS in the affirmative to the cellular defenses, which are not able to quell ROS fast enough. Hence, we have oxidative stress occurring from radiation.

    On this matter of "leakage" again, intermediates of free radicals from enzymatic reactions from the enzyme active sites "leak" from their active sites and react with molecular oxygen or other compounds in the organism, forming reactive oxygen species. Additionally, ROS is formed in the cell continuously through regular metabolic pathways.

    The electron transport chain components may "leak" to oxygen some electrons, one at a time, forming O₂^–. "HOCL, or hypochlorous acid, is the major reactive component of household bleach. In the human, it is formed by neutrophils and other granulomatous cells from H₂O₂ during the destruction of foreign organisms in a response called the respiratory burst."

    The respiratory burst, also known as a metabolic burst, is the process in which oxygen consumption may increase markedly (i.e., in a pulse of several minutes' duration) starting in seconds of stimulation; much of the oxygen may be used to form superoxide radicals, as in phagocytosis (process of engulfing microbes and destroying them) — Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Second Edition.

    The granulomatous cells are the eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages. These leucocytes of the white blood cell line are the second line of defense the non–specific resistance to any pathogen, not involving specific responses of the immune system, such as B cells and T cells. They are ever present to fight microbial or foreign body invasion of the organism — Microbiology: An Introduction, Sixth Edition.

    When phygocytosis occurs, the ingested bacterial cell is digested. But first, there is a rapid increase, as given above, in oxygen consumption (Respiratory Burst). This is used to oxidize NADPH, which is designed to form superoxide anions. The ingested pocket that has formed into a circular object containing the bacteria is known as a vacuole. The superoxide anions are shed into the vacuole and converted to hydrogen peroxide, assisting in destroying the imprisoned bacterial cell.

    Here's the difficulty: Excess neutrophils that are present at this time find irritated joints, joints that have nothing to do with the bacteria, are attracted there, and could release superoxide, generating more damage in the arthritic joint. Obsolescence is built into the organism.

    The superoxide is present in only tiny amounts, but it can generate a chain reaction that causes mega amounts of damage. This destruction, generated by superoxide anions, creates a chain of reactions that is self–perpetuating.

  • Summarizing ROS Generation Strategies:
    "O₂ has the potential to be exceedingly dangerous in the body. During evolution, the switch from energy generation by anerobic metabolism to the use of oxygen as the electron sink was one of the most important events. The danger occurs when a single electron is acquired by the O₂ molecule to give the superoxide anion, a reactive corrosive chemical agent,

    O₂ + e^– _→ O_{2 .}^–

    "The unpaired electron acquires a partner by attacking a covalent bond of another molecule"— Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Elliott & Elliott, Third Edition.
    The metabolic and physiologic pathway of oxygen as it is being reduced step–wise so that it does not cause spontaneous combustion of the human organism, oxygen on its way to form water, first gains one electron, forming the superoxide anion, as given immediately above, then.
    The superoxide anion must be scavenged quickly and this is done by superoxide dismutase, generating H₂O₂ (hydrogen peroxide) and water as follows:

    O_{2 .}^–  → H₂O₂ + H₂O

    Hydrogen peroxide is a potent oxidizing agent and is used to destroy microbials in the organism, and as a household disinfectant. The reaction proceeds as follows:
    The H₂O₂ + catalase (or glutathione peroxidase in the brain)  → H₂O + O₂
    The H₂O₂ generates the hydroxyl radical (HO^.) in the presence of an iron (II) containing membrane or another transition metal by the Fenton reaction. Because H₂O₂ is lipid soluble, it can damage membranes far from its site of generation when Fe²⁺ (iron (II)) or other transition metals are present in distal membranes.

    ---

    However, leakage occurs of these ROS, including the hydroxyl free radical. And damage can occur outside of the compartment generating it; or, at distal (further downstream) areas of tissues of the organism if the hydrogen peroxide is not scavenged effectively. Vitamin C and Carnosine can scavenge the hydroxyl radical (HO^.). Take plenty; get carnosine at natural food stores. Take them individually, not in a one–a–day brand of vitamins.

    ---

    The hydroxyl radical is formed from hydrogen peroxide (see above) and follows the following reaction in the presence of iron (II) membranes, or other transition metals at the membrane's surface to generate the hydroxyl radical:
    The H₂O₂ + electron (e^– and 1H⁺)  → H₂O + OH^– (hydroxyl radical)

    ---

    Note 1:
    Reactive oxygen species can be developed by microbes, drugs, medications for heart and cancer patients, in addition to the normal pathways of One–Step electron transfers by enzymes in the electron transport chain, also known as cellular respiration. Obsolescence is truly built into the body. And...let us not forget, radiation.
    It is a big "electron knocker." When this occurs, an electron is knocked off or out of its orbit, you have a free radical formed (and a highly energetic free electron that can also cause problems) that can cause the same to happen to another; and, as this one is scavenged by vitamins C and E, the other one does the same to another and the process goes on unless terminated immediately. What we are describing is a Chain Reaction. It can be autooxidation, involving lipid peroxidation, and others. Mutations can and do occur in the mitochondria DNA, such that electron transport pathways are blocked, and this may cause formation of ROS.
    Note 2:
    Our own Star, the Sun, is due for a "Shaking" soon. Serious problems could erupt on Planet Earth. Read Here, then, come back to this spot and consider the following:

    "In the 1970s government statisticians calculated that if all electricity were cut off, 30 % of the population would be dead within a month. Within a year, 80 % would be dead. And that was back in the 1970s ... now it's worse!"– The McAlvaney Intelligence Advisor, August 1999.

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    Solar Storm Striking Earth. This Coming Storm In 2012 Has The Potential To Cause Serious Problems On Planet Earth
    Disrupting Life...Causing Death
    

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    If the oxygen did not ungergo the above one–step electron reduction pathway (or by another mechanism) and instead was going to water and zero wait state instantaneously, you would have spontaneous combustion and no humans would ever form, or if something causes this above step to move faster by reducing the spin restriction of oxygen to that of organic molecules, spontaneous combustion would occur.
    If the parallel spin of oxygen were to change to the antiparallel spin of organic molecules, or if organic molecules with their antiparallel spin were to change to that of oxygen (parallel spin), spontaneous combustion would also occur. As given before, the dense electromagnetic fields we are now moving into, and the enormous electric currents in space, can cause this to occur. People may suddenly disappear in a flash.
    The naive will say, "They're been raptured." But, how do they explain when other organic molecules do the same? This is all dependent upon the wave fronts coming. It may be in the form of an S–curve and "snake" its way over parts of the earth as the earth rotates, not touching other areas. We do not know.
    But this we do know: Life, as we have come know it, had to learn to use oxygen, such that it did not spontaneously combust and disappear in a flash. The earliest organisms on planet earth billions of years ago learned such an action by "evolutionary" experiments of trial and error, developing enzymes such as cytochrome c, overcoming spin restriction. And this was probably after overcoming parallel and antiparallel spins.
    It would be something like the Flash you see when you click Here, and possibly the peel–off of protein tissue, discussed later. But, only more awesome, if one does not disappear in the flash.
    Commentary A:
    Somewhere in this Universe...or even, if it exists, the MultiVerse, exist beings, perhaps, hundreds of thousands of years ahead of us. They possess a weapon, an Ultimate Weapon. The same Planet Earth will have in the future. When? We do not know. But, we will have it eventually.
    This weapon that exists is The Ultimate Weapon. It is the Parallel or Anti–parallel Weapon. It will also be known as The Spin Restriction Weapon. It is the ultimate energy weapon. Wherever you point it, setting it to parallel/anti–parallel/ or spin–restriction, depending upon what they are pointing the hand–held unit at, and depending upon what is being pointed at as being parallel or anti–parallel, engaging the trigger mechanism, the object pointed at, buildings, personnel, etc. will disappear in a brilliant flash...forever.
    These beings will have discovered how to overcome the Spin Restriction of electrons wherever it exists, without the use of much energy involved.
    Commentary B:
    As MS will burst upon the scene with a vengence, and as more women have MS than men, so it will be with osteoperosis. Let us explain:
    Fractures from osteoporosis are on the rise. However, the medical establishment in their journals speak about effective ways to treat osteoporosis, giving the idea that progress is being effected in the treatment for osteoporosis.
    In Dr. Ray Peat's Article, Bone Density: First Do No Harm, Dr. Peat writes:

    "The real situation is very different. Fractures resulting from osteoporosis are increasing and osteoporosis is affecting younger and younger people."

    From our own private practice we are seeing more and more "younger" women diagnosed with bone density problems. Estrogen had been, and still is, the mainstay for osteoporosis, with other drugs. They are proving not to be too safe and are often ineffective.
    Dr. Peat continues by writing:

    "Many women are told to stop taking a thyroid supplement when osteoporosis is diagnosed, but hypothyroidism often leads to hyperprolactinema (high prolactin) and hypercortisolemia (high cortisol), which are two of the most clearly established causes of osteoporosis.

    "Calcitonin, vitamin D–active metabolite, and estrogen–'HRT' treatments can cause respiratory alkalosis (relative hyperventilation) [19,24] and hypothyroidism produces a predisposition to hyperventilation. [25] Hyperventilation tends to cause calcium loss. In respiratory alkalolis, CO₂ (and sometimes bicarbonate) are decreased, impairing calcium retention, and in 'metabolic alkalosis,' with increased bicarbonate, calcium is retained more efficiently and bone formation is stimulated, and its dissolution is suppressed."

    There are other drugs out there for osteoporosis, and dentists are wary of them. You can go into a dentist's office and a sign cautions you to inform your dentist if you are taking certain drugs for bone thinning. They can cause rotting of the jaw bone and the dentist does not want to drill into the area for certain dispositions of dental work and possibly run into a rotten jaw bone.
    This Web Site has cautioned many times that women do not get enough Complete high protein. We also caution against soy protein and soy products. It is an estrogen mimetic (exhibiting mimicry). And one of the causes of atrophy of tissue is estrogen. Estrogen also causes bone formation suppression. [1]
    In their private practice, your WebMasters recommend Whey or Milk & Egg protein, without adulterants. We also recommend "red meat," whole milk and eggs.
    Dr. Peat continues in the Bone Density article:

    "Other women are told to reduce their protein consumption, or to take fluoride or whatever drug has been most recently promoted. A protein deficiency is a clear cause of osteoporosis, and bone density corresponds to the amount of protein consumed. Milk protein, especially, protects against osteoporosis, independently of milk's other important nutrients. Too much fluoride clearly increases the risk of bone fractures, [26] and the side effects of other drugs haven't been properly studied in humans, while they often have dangerous effects in animals.

    "Calcium, magnesium, vitamin A, vitamin B6–, vitamin K, and vitamin D are important for the development and maintenance of bones. For example, a vitamin A deficiency limits the synthesis of progesterone and proteins. In calcium deficiency, parathyroid hormone is increased, and tends to cause the typical changes of aging, shifting calcium from hard tissues to soft, and decreasing the ration of extracellular to intracellular (excitatory) calcium.

    "Polyunsaturated fats are converted to prostaglandins (especially under the influence of estrogen), and several prostaglandins have toxic effects on bone. Those fats also suppress the formation thyroid hormone and progesterone. The increased use of the unsaturated oils has coincided with the increase of osteoporosis."

    Editor's Comment:

    The Killing Mechanism, most definitely, is up and running for Women! It is as if The Light Bearer himself, is getting even with women...because of The Woman!

    Continuing with Dr. Peat...

    "The oxidation of proteins caused by free radicals is increased with aging and by the use of unsaturated fats, and it contributes to tissue atrophy, including the age-related shrinkage of the bones. In animal studies, 'adequate' dietary protein, 13.8% of the diet (equivalent to about 80 grams per day for a person) is associated with more oxidative damage to tissue proteins than the very high protein diets, 25.7% or 51.3%, that would be equivalent to about 150 or 300 grams of protein daily for a person. [27] Yet, many physicians recommend a low protein diet to protect against osteoporosis.

    "Avoiding fluoridated water and the polyunsaturated oils, and drinking two quarts of milk daily (which will provide only 66 grams of protein) and using some other nutrient-rich foods such as eggs and fruits, are probably the basic things to protect the bones. For vitamins, especially K, occasional liver can be helpful. Meats, fruits, leaves, and coffee are rich in magnesium.

    "Some people have argued that the acidity of urine produced by eating meat causes calcium loss. However, a high protein diet also improves the absorption of calcium by the intestine. Another overlooked function of dietary protein is that it stimulates insulin secretion, and insulin is anabolic for bone. [28]

    "The same diet that protects against osteoporosis, i.e., plenty of protein and calcium, etc., also protects against kidney stones and other abnormal calcifications."

    Bone Density: First Do No Harm References.

    ---

    Presently, many are on low–sodium diets, often coupled with diuretics. This causes problems. In regard to the prolactin mentioned above, decreased sodium intake increases serotonin. The latter causes increased prolactin secretion. This increases sodium loss in the urine and presents with with decreased sodium in the blood. It's a "Catch–22" situation: The latter is equivalent to decreased sodium in the blood, and around and around it goes.
    Now, decreased sodium intake increases adrenalin and this causes many effects that are harmful, one being insomnia. This problem is especially prevalent in the elderly...but now, we're seeing it in young people on low–sodium diets. They often take diuretics because of bloat or water gain. The problem is compounded.
    Note:
    The activity of the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) increases as one ages. When sodium restriction is applied, often with diuretics, the problem is exacerbated. Sleep deprivation is one of the problems of aging, including increased activity of the SNS. I have found this also with law enforcement officers who want to shed weight: They go on low–sodium diets, and some include their wife's, girl friend's, etc. diuretics and complain about not sleeping well.
    The increased activity of the SNS contributes to the following:
    • Brain degenerative changes.

    • Capillary leakage.

    • Insulin resistence increases and this causes free fatty acids to be present in the bloodstream.

    Note:
    Blood vessel flexibility in the body is decreased with a low–salt diet, and there is increased activity of the SNS. This causes vascular stiffness, which generates hypertension, especially as one ages.
    Commentary C:
    You can undo a Superior Biochemistry! You may have been blessed with a robust genetic code and natural cellular defenses more superior to your neighbor. Your leakage may be far minimal than that of another human. Your ability to regenerate glutathione peroxidase and catalase may be superior to those of less robust biochemistry and repair, as well as scavenging free radicals or mopping them up quickly, making them null and void. This all can be undone, however, if you fail to keep up your vitamin, mineral, and complete high protein intake. Without this your system may falter.
    Overloading your system with toxic polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs), which omega–3s are counted amongst the other unsaturated fats, such as flax seed oil, canola oil, fish oils, etc., and high ingestion of chemical–laden fabricated foods, you may well demote a superior biochemistry to one that won't survive.
    By the same token, if you work at maintaining your vitamin, mineral and quality protein intake as described, and you avoid PUFAs and other toxins, you will hopefully succeed at transforming a not–so–naturally blessed biochemistry into one that survives.

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    For Those Regular Readers of ChemBioUpdate

    It's Still Coming

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  • DNA Unraveling and/or Double Strand Breakage
    Ionizing radiation generates oxygen free radicals and this involves other ROS. These cause oxidative stress. We see this all the time with skin cancers and skin aging as given earlier. Ionizing radiation causes superoxide anion formation. The hydroxyl radical not only attacks other biological molecules, but also the DNA of an organism, of which man and animals are.
    With what is coming from the stars, it — your WebMasters feel — will be "hot & heavy," a lot of it. Radiation, that was created 34,000 years ago, landed on the earth 11,000 to 19,000 years ago. It was from a supernova explosion that occurred light years away from earth. The radiation, along with the hot spherules, decimated man. The man at that time was known as the "Paleo" man. Radiation seemed to have changed everything about him, his biomolecules, including his DNA.
    We may see this again, those few that remain because their biochemistries are the "fittest" of those who survive, and radiation damage is cleared and cleaned from the organism almost as fast as it happens; but not so fast as to not generate a massive immediate kill–off, followed by a massive die–off, as given above, a generation or two or much less, later.
    DNA molecules, comprising one's genetic code, are held together with noncovalent bonding. That is, the double coiled strands are two single strands intercoiled between one another, and each strand is held to the other by weak hydrogen bonding. High energy, such as that coming from the stars, will be most unrelenting. It will break the bonds, but, the strands tend to realign themselves and coil together again.
    But, when the energy is unrelenting and constant and strong, the single strands have not a chance. A wipe–out will occur as the organisms can not overcome the incessant bombardment. Those who do survive, as some of the Paleo Man did, will be those who made it to caves and underground, but not before change was instituted in their being by radiation striking their cellular framework. Those who were the fittest survived and grew and developed into stronger, more intelligent beings.
    Proteins, held together with interchain and intrachain bonding, will undergo similar reactions. More on this later. For now, know well that proteins have a varied job. Following is an example of this, and if these proteins are mutated by the intense radiations coming, DNA that uses these proteins will change...and not necessarily for the good.
    Gerald Karp, writing in Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, Fourth Edition, says:

    "X-rays, gamma rays, and particles released by radioactive atoms are all described as ionizing radiation because they generate ions as they pass through matter. Millions of gamma rays pass through our bodies every minute. When these forms of radiation collide with a fragile DNA molecule, they often break both strands of the double helix. Double-strand breaks (DSBs) can also be caused by certain chemicals, including several (e.g. bleomycin) used in cancer chemotherapy, and free radicals produced by normal cellular metabolism (page 24).

    "DSBs are also introduced during replication of damaged DNA. A single double-strand break can cause serious chromosome abnormalities and, ultimately, prove lethal for a cell. DSBs can be repaired by several alternate pathways. ...Cells that lack one of the proteins required for NHEJ ( the process of repair that rejoins the broken DNA strands) are very sensitive to ionizing radiation."

    ---

    We have ionizing radiation coming from the Stars in the Arm of Orion as the Solar System is now moving through The Galactic Plane. What you have immediately been reading, shows the tremendous problems facing us.
    Hydrogen bonding being broken, along with the "pulling apart" of ionic bonds, hydrophilic or "water loving" forces, and hydrophobic (water fearing) interactions, and van der Waals Forces, all being disrupted, will/can cause the DNA to become unraveled and with the strong forces from the Stars—and it will be—persistent and strong enough, this will "prove lethal for a cell." Double–strand breaks, not repaired under the same conditions, will cause death. One will see humans, as this is occurring, moving about; then, suddenly drop dead or dying as the life forces of life itself goes down.
    There could be a cosmic–type energy shift that will have seemingly healthy people simply collapse dead in an instant from the energetic forces in the Arm of Orion we are now moving deeper into. This would be caused by what we have been discussing and what will be discussed.
    Be advised: PUFAs and Rays from outer Space do not mix.

    ---

    
    
    The Galactic Plane
    And
    The Solar System's Path Through The Arm of Orion

    It Takes Approximately 26,000 Years To Go From Crest (Green Wavy Line) To The Center of The Galactic Plane (White Dotted Line).
    It's Like A Time Line, A New Age Starts Then.

    ---

    There's still more to come, but first:
    What DNA Looks Like:
    In the following, one can see the importance of Hydrogen Bonding. If Broken, And Not Reset, Life Dies:
    An Explanation of The Two Strands and What Is Attached to Them and What Holds Them Together: Hydrogen Bonds. QuickTime Is Necessary for This Video.

  • ROS In regard to Lipid Peroxidation:
    Reactive oxygen species generate cellular injury via the formation of lipid free radicals (L^.) and lipid peroxides (LOOH), also known as lipid hydroperoxides. This is known as autoxidation by free radicals. The initiator is often the hydroxyl radical, but can be a another member of ROS. It may even be caused by microbials. The free radical auto–oxidation is not subject to spin restriction of kinetic (energy) barriers. A hydrogen atom(s) is extracted from a double bond compound, such as found in fatty acids, and auto–oxidation is initiated.
    Think about all those polyunsaturated fatty acids we're told to eat...doesn't sound like much good health advice, does it? Polyunsaturated fatty acids are the major fatty acids undergoing lipid peroxidation in cell membranes of the organism.
    The Ω–terminal carbons of Ω6 and Ω3 as they are degradated form the chemical, malondialdehyde (from the fatty acids with three or more double bonds. This chemical is found in the urine and blood and is used in medicine as an indicator for fatty acid damage.

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    Some Diseases Associated With Injury By Free Radicals

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    Atherogenesis
    Parkinson's Disease
    Emphysema/Bronchitis
    Duchenne–Type Muscular Dystrophy
    Alcoholic Liver Disease
    Pregnancy/Preeclampsia
    Cervical Cancer
    Hemodialysis Patients
    Diabetes
    Acute Renal Failure
    Aging
    Down Syndrome
    Retrolental Fibroplasia
    Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
    Cerebrovascular disorders
    Alzheimer's Possibility From ROS of PUFAs

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  • Normal metabolism: Role of oxygen in cell injury:
    Oxygen is necessary for the generation of ATP from Oxidative phosphorylation—"the production of ATP from phosphate and ADP as electrons are transferred along the electron–transport chain from NADH or FADH₂ to oxygen. Most of the FADH₂ is formed in the mitochondrial mattrix by the Krebs cycle (aka TCP) and fatty acid oxidation. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in mitochondria and is the main source of ATP in aerobes (organisms that use oxygen)"—is a necessary process that uses oxygen to form ATP.
    Notice the pathways here are those we have discussed earlier to generate energy and get the work done that is necessary for biochemical health. NADH and FADH₂ (electron carriers) must first be formed in one place and handed off to the beginning of the electron transport system which eventually generates energy. If the mitochrondria is damaged, the Krebs cycle malfunctions or stops, if damage is wide spread. ROS damages the mitochondria. The electron transport chain can't do its job if the beginning units are not there for work distal (downstream) to it.
    Eventually, the damage adds up over the years and the organism starts to falter. Fortunately, there are from a few to several hundred to about 1500 or more in a cell depending upon the energy the surrounding tissue needs. The muscle tissues have the most mitochondria with heart and kidneys following — The Facts on file Dictionary of Biochemistry, John Daintith.
    "Normal oxygen metabolism continuously converts oxygen to ROS, which can cause cell injury. Various stimuli, such as radiation, inflammation, aging, and a higher than normal partial pressure of oxygen (pO₂), increase the formation of ROS. Ozone and nitrious oxide are air pollutants that form free radicals in the cells of the lungs, resulting in pulmonary emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis. A lack of oxygen due to decreased blood flow from a clot (ischemia) also causes cell injury. The reintroduction of oxygen (reperfusion) enhances cellular injury due to ROS" — Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach, Marks, Marks, & Smith.

  • Free radical–mediated cellular injury:
    The reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide and the hydroxyl radical species start lipid peroxidation in the mitochondrial membranes, cellular, and endoplasmic reticulum membrane too. The proteins in the cell can be and often are damaged from the peroxidation, the nucleus' membranes become damaged, and DNA damage occurs. With the cellular membrane damaged, water seeps in and causes cell swelling. It doesn't stop here. With oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation) to the cell membrane, there is increased permeability. And, as this occurs, there is a greatly increased influx of calcium ions.
    Hold The Last Thought.
    With microsecond to microsecond depolarizations of presynaptic terminals throughout the human organism, this causes the opening of voltage–gated calcium channels, through which an influx of calcium ions flows. Calcium causes nerve vesicles that are carrying neurotransmitters to fuse with the presynaptic membrane. This fusion then empties into the synaptic cleft releasing the neurotransmitters.
    Actions, depending upon the neurotransmitter carried and released, cause distal (downstream) responses such that eventually, thoughts are focused, muscular coordination for bodily movement is experienced, and a multiple of other responses, physiologically (function–wise) and biochemically domino to effect a result necessary for survival and basal metabolism. Interrupt this and we can see a multiplicity of problems ranging from no energy, movement, cognitive deficits to incapacitation, and if prolonged deeply, death. For instance, the vagal nerve to the heart could stop regulating the heart rate and one could go down from bradycardia to tachycardia, or the heart just stop beating.
    If massive amounts of calcium are introduced into a cell or nerve cell, problems result. Lipid peroxidation can and does cause an inhanced influx of calcium ions into cells.
    Now, Hold This Thought In Conjunction With The Last:
    We know that irradiation (radiation) of "living nerves in a culture with 16–Hz" causes an efflux (egress) of calcium ions from a neuron. This can and does, over time, cause problems in an organism — Cross Currents, Becker, Robert O.
    Now, Let's Bring This All Together:
    The tremendous influx of unsaturated (polyunsaturated) fats in the diet are causing problems, as given in the immediate above, in the cells of the body. Damage is progressing rapidly now, we feel. Peroxidation of PUFAs are increasing Calcium influx.
    In the end, just the above is enough to cause one to go down, if his biochemistry is not of proper attunement to being "Survival of The Fittest" by making the microsecond to microsecond repairs and little to no "leakage" occurring. This also includes the "Dark Repair" processes for the DNA, the cellular defenses, antioxidants, and compartmentalization of lysosomes, peroxisomes, spoken of earlier, that all are in excellent working condition and the TCP (Krebs cycle) and electron transport chain, all working in unison and better ("The Fittest") than the next organism(s).
    However, with what we have just been discussing, strong magnetic fields and enormous electric currents coming from the Stars, coupled with Influx and Efflux of calcium ions, such that normalcy is disturbed, we may see humans, and any animals fed these fats, go down, and this, in effect, would be part of the Wipeout coming to Planet Earth, Part of The Killing Mechanism, that's been in place for 50 or more years now.
    Now, as if these thoughts are not enough, combine with them the following:

    "Ca²⁺ ions can also be considered as cellular messengers since they diffuse into the cytoplasm and bind to various target molecules, triggering specific responses.

    "...Contraction of a smooth muscle cell and exocytosis of histamine–containing secretory granules in a mast cell, both are triggered by elevated calcium levels" — Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, Karp, Gerald, first publication, 1996.

    Bookmark the "elevated calcium levels"in your mind for now.

    Dr. Elaine N. Marieb, writing in Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition, page 904, page 905, says:

    "Histamine (his'tah–mēn), a substance that makes capillaries leaky...acts as a powerful vasodilator.

    "HCL (hydrochloric acid; formed in the stomach organ for aiding in digestion of foodstuffs and sterilization of stomach contents) secretion is stimulated by three chemicals, all of which work through second–messenger systems. ACh (acetylcholine; a neurotransmitter) released by parasympathetic nerve fibers and gastrin secreted by G cells bring about their effects by increasing intracellular Ca²⁺ levels (WebMaster's emphasis).

    "Histamine, released by mast cells in the lamina propria (stomach mucosa), acts through cyclic AMP (cAMP). When only one of the three chemicals binds to the parietal cells, HCL secretion is scanty, but when all three bind, HCL pours forth as if shot out by a high–pressure hose."

    Food in the stomach causes the stomach mucosa to release histamine, which activates parietal cells to release hydrochloric acid (HCl). The increased calcium influx may cause more histamine to be released than normal, as calcium influences histamine release when food is present in the stomach organ. With excess calcium influx from polyunsaturated fat excesses in our society today, histamine must be released rather continuously in this organ, releasing hydrochloric acid even when food may not be present. However, in today's America, try finding a stomach that ain't constantly full of food!
    Hmmmm....thinking about food..."Honey, where's that bit of cheese I was working on?"

    ---

    Recall from reactive oxygen species, that superoxide and the powderful hydroxyl radical initiate peroxidation at a cell's membrane as well as organelle's membrane, additionally causing causing problems to various proteins contained therein. With an attack on the cell membrane itself, a massive influx of calcium ion floods into the cell to continuously bind to target molecules, causing smooth muscle contraction and excretion of histamine from mast cells. Recall also, lipid peroxidation occurs with the polyunsaturated fats—all those you are now told to eat because they are 'heart healthy.'
    Basophils (another cell crucial against disease) also contain histamine–containing granules. Not only does the histamine they carry causes dilation of blood vessels but similar to the mast cells above, basophils "bind to a particular antibody (immunoglobulin E) that causes the cells to release histamine"— Ibid, page. 657.
    One conclusion should be very obvious now:
    Increased Calcium Ions Into Cells, Increases Histamine
    Which Increases Hydrochloric Acid Secretion
    Remember! Lipid Peroxidation of PUFAs increase cell permeability of Calcium ions, among other chemicals.
    Note:

    "When too much calcium enters a cell it activates many enzymes, prevents muscle and nerve cells from relaxing, and ultimately kills the cell" — Ray Peats Newsletter, 'Salt, energy, metabolic rate, and longevity,' January 2009.

    Note:
    It appears from your WebMaster's private practice, practically everyone is told to be on a low–sodium diet. Quite often, this is in conjunction with diuretics that also remove sodium and water. Unbeknowst to most, including the health care providers, one's metabolism is slowed with a lack of sodium. This low sodium diet, coupled with diuretic ingestion, not only slows metabolism, but reduces carbon dioxide production, generates inflammation, as well as causing degeneration and biochemical stress.
    The converse is that sodium "stimulates energy metabolism, increases carbon dioxide production, and protects against inflammation and other maladaptive stress reactions. One important function of carbon dioxide is to regulate the movement of positively charged alkali metal ions, such as sodium and calcium" into and out of the cell. And from the immediate 'Note' above, too much calcium entering the cell stops muscle and nerve cell relaxation and this can generate excitotoxicity and kill the neuron cell and muscle cell — Ibid.
    The Low Sodium diet is part of the killing mechanism that comes from within! And you won't know it for decades, if you make it through it all.

    ---

    The "Purple Pill" is one of the world's most famous. A problem that will continue to increase is that of acid reflux (GERD). It may get so bad (and we are already seeing this) that brittle bones from the increased Purple Pill intake, due to increased hydrochloric acid secretion, may escalate even more dramatically than now. We may see more gastric ulcers.
    The bone problem develops because the acid is greatly reduced to get the calcium out of the food ingested and proper charge placed on calcium.
    Continuing with histamine...
    "Histamine can cause inflammation directly as well as indirectly. Upon release of histamine by an antigen activated mast cell, permeability of vessels near the site is increased. Thus, blood fluids (including leukocytes, which participate in immune responses) enter the area causing swelling. This is accomplished due to histamine’s ability to induce phosphorylation of an intercellular adhesion protein (called (VE)-cadherin) found on vascular endothelial cells (Andriopoulou et al 1999). That is why histamine is known as being vasoactive. Gaps between the cells in vascular tissue are created by this phosphorylation, allowing blood fluids to seep out into extracellular space. Indirectly, histamine contributes to inflammation by affecting the functions of other leukocytes in the area. It has been suggested by Marone et al that histamine release triggers the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediator (sic) by some neighboring leukocytes (1999). These chemicals in turn increases the inflammatory response.
    "Histamine's second type of allergic response is one of the major causes for asthma. In response to an allergen (a substance that triggers an allergic reaction), histamine, along with other chemicals, causes the contraction of smooth muscle (Schmidt et al 1999). Consequently, the muscles surrounding the airways constrict causing shortness of breath and possibly complete trachial-closure, an obviously life-threatening condition. If the effects of histamine during an allergic reaction are inhibited, the life of an allergic person can be eased (in the case of inflammation) or even saved by preventing or shortening asthma attacks. Thankfully, many effective drugs have been developed to hinder histamine's allergic response activities" —Davidson College.
    Calcium is purposely kept low in a cell. Otherwise, hormones can run amok, vascular smooth muscle, stomach smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, blood platelets, cell division, secretions, endocytosis, fertilization, synaptic transmission (see neuron discussion above), metabolism, and cell movement become disorganized and dysfunctional, and death can result. Calcium is generally pumped out of a cell. If this finite control mechanism is disturbed for too long, horrendous problems can erupt in numerous cell systems and pathways.

  From what has been given, it is clear that oxygen is indeed toxic and life–giving at the same time. It should be very easy now to understand that oxygen's toxicity and oxygen's life–giving properties makes organisms that are dependent upon oxygen prime targets for the "denizens" that lie in deep space. One can readily follow that no one is immune from what is coming to Planet Earth. This, in effect, will be another test for "Survival of The Fittest."
  This entails the organism's biochemistries, the ability to withstand more than normal radiations before one goes underground, the wherewithal to biochemically repair DNA and at the same time overcome Protein Carbonyls, Mallard Reactions, etc., and still survive in relative good shape. One will need a good MindSet and Outlook with health that can survive such harsh changes and move forward to survive on the planet when life gets going again—It is not the end of the world. We will discuss protein carbonyls later.
  It should be very clear by now that polyunsaturated fats are very toxic.
  You may have done all and lost all. This is when one says: "I've done all and now stand! I will continue to carry my cross."

  ---

  Barry Halliwell (Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore) writes in Plant Physiol. 2006 June; 141(2): 312–322, a Special Issue on Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Species and Antioxidants. Redox Biology Is a Fundamental Theme of Aerobic Life:

  "The field of antioxidants and free radicals is often perceived as focusing around the use of antioxidant supplements to prevent human disease. In fact, antioxidants/free radicals permeate the whole of life, creating the field of redox biology. Free radicals are not all bad, nor antioxidants all good. Life is a balance between the two: Antioxidants serve to keep down the levels of free radicals, permitting them to perform useful biological functions without too much damage (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 2006).

  "This is especially true in plants, as the rest of this issue reveals. Yet some damage is inevitable, requiring repair systems to maintain cell viability. The purpose of this article is to take a broad view of the field, and highlight some of the fascinating differences between plants and other organisms."

  He summarizes his work on Reactive Oxygen Species as follows:

  "ROS are all over the place in plants, animals, and aerobic bacteria. We cannot live without them or we will probably die from infections. Yet, they often kill us in the end; over the long human lifespan, the continual damage by ROS, if not properly repaired (and repair efficiency tends to drop in the aged) can contribute to the age-related development of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and many other disorders (Ames, 1983; Halliwell and Gutteridge, 2006).

  "This may be a by product of evolution; ROS are essential for defense against infection and signaling, keeping you alive until your reproduction has finished and children have grown up. Who cares if they kill you in the later postreproductive years? Evolution doesn't. So why does taking antioxidant supplements not make us live healthily for ever (WebMaster's emphasis)? Simply because the human body regulates the ROS/antioxidant balance so carefully that feeding antioxidants does not disturb it much, and oxidative damage does not decrease (Halliwell, 1999, 2000)."

"For each subcellular site, there are adjunctive factors that can impact free–radical generation and potential damage. One of these is the nature and concentration of cellular defense mechanisms. If present in sufficient concentration at the site of generation, they will often act to quench at least some of the radicals. In other instances, however, these defense mechanisms can themselves generate radicals and thereby serve to enhance, rather than limit, free–radical production.

"The functional and structural heterogeneity of the cells further defines the available targets at various sites for free–radical attack, and thus the potential toxicity. If highly reactive radicals are generated close to key cellular targets (e.g., lipids, DNA), the resulting damage is likely to have more profound effects for the cell. The associaton of certain species (e.g., some metals) with key cellular targets can also serve to focus high concentrations of damage to very specific sites or targets.

"Knowledge of the subcellular sites of free–radical generation is therefore one of the elements necessary to thoroughly understand free–radical toxicology. In and of itself, however, this knowledge will only provide a partial picture, as other factors will contribute to the ultimate toxic effects." Dr. Myers illustrates natural factors in our bodies that help protect against ROS, can do the opposite and cause ROS. He writes:

"There are many cytosolic components that have the capability of generating free radicals, including common cellular reductants (e.g., NAD(P:)H, GSH (glutathione), cysteine, ascorbate 'vitamin C,') and certain enzymes (xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, glutathione reductase). The number of potential xenobiotic substrates is large, both because there are so many cell components in this group, and because some of them (e.g., GSH, ascorbate) can react with a wide variety of functional groups."

Note:

Functional groups are particular groupings of atoms that often behave as a unit and give organic molecules their physical properties, chemical activity, and solubility in aqueous solutions.

We Continue With Dr. Myers:

"In many cases, the activation process is reductive in nature, with some of the free–radical products able to undergo redox (oxidation/reduction) cycling. In other cases, the radical products are highly reactive and therefore capable of causing damage to DNA, lipids, and other cell components.

"Some of these cytosolic components can also reduce certain metals to forms that catalyze various autoxidation reactions. For some of these cytosolic enzymes, xenobiotics may enhance their ability to generate reactive oxygen species, and, in the case of xanthine oxidase, the xenobiotics can induce the conversion of the enzyme to a form capable of free–radical generation."

"This oxidase (xanthine oxidase) is interesting because it produces the highly toxic superoxide radical (O₂^{– .}) as a byproduct. Here then is a definite need for the detoxifying role of superoxide dismutase.

"Depending on the organism, the subsequent fate of xanthine is varied. In most primates (including humans), birds, certain reptiles, and the majority of insects, xanthine is converted by the action again of xanthine to uric acid, which is excreted as the final end product of purine catabolism."

"Any of a large group of organic compounds found in all living organisms. Proteins comprise carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and most also contain sulphur, molecular weights range from 6000 to several million. Protein molecules consist of one or several long chains (polypeptides) of amino acids linked in a characteristic sequence. This sequence is called the primary structure of the protein. These polypeptides may undergo coiling or pleating, the nature and extent of which is described as the secondary structure. The three–dimensional shape of the coiled or pleated polypeptides is called the tertiary structure. Quaternary structure specifies the structural relationship of the component polypeptides."

Click Here To Get An Animated View of The Four Structured Levels of proteins. Then, Click Back To Return Here.

"Proteins may be broadly classified into globular proteins and fibrous proteins. Globular proteins have compact rounded molecules and are usually water–soluble. Of prime importance are the enzymes, proteins that catalyse biochemical reactions. Other globular proteins include the antibodies, which combine with foreign substances in the body; the carrier proteins, such as haemoglobin; the storage proteins (e.g., casein in milk and albumin in egg white), and certain hormones (e.g. insulin).

Fibrous proteins are generally insoluble in water and consist of long coiled strands or flat sheets, which confer strength and elasticity. In this category are keratin and collagen. Actin and myosin are the principal fibrous proteins of muscle, the interaction of which brings about muscle contraction. Blood clotting involves the fibrous protein called fibrin.

"When heated over 50⁰C (122⁰ F) or subjected to strong acids or alkalis, proteins lose their specific tertiary structure and may form insoluble coagulates (e.g. egg white). This usually inactivates their biological properties."

"Being a very delicate state, the native conformation of a globular protein is subject to alteration by chemical and/or physical agents without any change in the amino acid sequence. The loss of native conformation is called denaturation. Note that with some proteins, the process is reversible; both native conformation and biological activity can be restored.

The self–restoring ability of a completely unfolded globular polypeptide chain is particularly remarkable when one considers that it could refold in a countless number of ways. Observations of this sort provide further evidence that the secondary and tertiary levels of protein structure are predetermined by the amino acid sequence."

• Catalytic proteins: enzymes that accelerate and regulate reactions.

• Structural proteins: lacking a true dynamic function, these are proteins that confer a molecular foundation to various parts of an organism; examples are collagen found in connective tissue of vertebrates (representing about one–third of the total protein in the body) and various proteins in the membranes of all cells.
  Note:

  Pay particular attention to collagen protein. It makes you look like you. It is the glue that holds you together. Don't forget it! You often hear people say, "I feel like I'm coming apart." Before too long, they truly will.

• Contractile proteins: molecules that can reversibly tighten and relax their structural orientation; examples are actin and myosin in muscle tissue and other cells.

• Natural–defense proteins: examples are the antibodies in the gamma globulin fraction of blood and proteins called interferons which have been linked to an anti–viral defense.

• Digestive proteins: various enzymes present in gastrointestinal secretions; these catalyze the degradation of dietary foodstuffs to smaller substances; an example is trypsin.

• Transport proteins: one example is hemoglobin, which transports oxygen in the blood; various others are found in cell membranes and function in the transport of substances across the membrane.

• Hormonal proteins: proteins such as insulin that regulate cellular activities.

• Respiratory proteins: an example is the cytochromes, which participate in the transport of electrons to suitable acceptors, such as oxygen in aerobic organisms; they may also be considered as enzymes.

• Repressor proteins: proteins that regulate the expression of genes in chromosomes.

• Receptor proteins: various proteins found in cell membranes; these can transmit information to the cell interior after binding with specific substances on the exterior side of the cell.

• Ribosomal proteins: proteins that in association with RNA yield ribosomes, the multimolecular aggregates that participate in protein biosynthesis.

• Storage proteins: used as a nutritional energy and amino acid storage pool; especially in plant seeds.

• Toxin proteins: proteins in the venom of poisonous reptiles that are responsible for the toxicity to the mammalian nervous system.

• Vision proteins: an example is the rhodopsins, which participate in the molecular events associated with sight.

• Chromosomal proteins: proteins in association with DNA in the nucleus; the major group is the histones.

"Why is this specific f, ψ combination so special? Because a very stable arrangement results. And why is it stable?

"First, because there is little or no crowding of atoms, particularly among the R (organic molecules) side chain groups of the amino acids.

Second, and of greater importance because the C=O dipole and the N—H dipole of neighboring peptide bonds are optimally oriented (they are nearly coaxial) for maximum dipole–dipole interaction, thereby producing an extensive network of intrachain cooperative hydrogen bonding that holds the a helix intact" —Modern Concepts in Biochemistry, Fourth Edition.

"It is the principal insoluble protein of connective tissue, which holds together the bodies of mammals and other animals. Tendons, for example, are composed almost entirely of collagen."

"The fibrils are further strengthened by covalent cross–links between lysine and hydroxylysine residues on adjacent collagen molecules.

"If these intermolecular cross–links are disrupted, as can occur in animals that have ingested b–aminopropionitrile, a toxic substance present in the seeds of the sweet pea, connective tissues may be greatly weakened."

In two patients, the tear happened at the carotid artery high in the brain. No surgery was performed, and the clot was dissolved by medication under emergency conditions. The patients still have numbness on the side of the scalp radiating to the ear and posteriorly. There is no cure for this, neurologists explain.

• They are extremely toxic! The COD liver oil was shown in the late 1940s to cause cancer in dogs. Experimenters were using it as a main fat in the animal's diet...all died from cancer. The dogs that were maintained on a standard diet had only 5% death from cancer.

• The fish oils have neurotoxic effects to warrant avoiding them. Additionally, there is now a culture out there advising one to ingest plenty of fish oil, especially that from fatty fish. There are enough studies now illustrating that cancer is increased by the fish oils.

• The PUFAs (corn oil, seseme oil, canola oil and fish oils, etc.) all cause leaky capillaries, among other things. You don't want this when diagnosed with "Spontaneous Tear(s)". The capillaries are already leaking with this dangerous condition. Just think of this condition of one with scurvy.

A Close–Up of Skin Pigmentation:

You May Literally Witness The Flesh Coming Off Another Being, Animal...Maybe Yourself, As Seen Below:

---

Or, You May Witness The Following
Or Be The Following:

---

"In Zechariah 14:12, we read as follows:

'And this shall be the plague wherewith the Lord will smite all the people that have fought against Jerusalem; Their flesh shall consume away while they stand upon their feet, and their eyes shall consume away in their holes, and their tongue shall consume away in their mouth.'

"This is a clear description of thermonuclear weapons melting flesh, and this prophecy was given nearly 2,500 years ago! God help us all!"

"Animals are not exempt from singlet 0₂ formation; it occurs in the skin and eye (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 2006). Photosensitizers of singlet oxygen₂ can be consumed in dietary plants (e.g. hypericin in St. John's Wort [Hypericum perforatum] and psoralens in celery [Apium graveolens]) or taken as drugs (e.g. the fluoroquinolone antibiotics), and subsequent sunbathing can cause skin damage (Morison, 2004; Halliwell and Gutteridge, 2006)."

"The fragments of deteriorating PUFA combine with proteins and other cell materials, producing immunogenic substances. The so-called 'advanced glycation end products,' that have been blamed on glucose excess, are mostly derived from the peroxidation of the 'essential fatty acids.' The name, 'glycation,' indicates the addition of sugar groups to proteins, such as occurs in diabetes and old age, but when tested in a controlled experiment, lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids produces the protein damage about 23 times faster than the simple sugars do (Fu, et al., 1996)."

• Diabetes, namely, type–II, non–insulin dependent, is on the increase; especially in young children, when they should not get this disease until in their forties or later, if programed for it by bad diet or genetic chemistry. Watching dietaries and taking neutraceuticals can often derail the programming, such that the individual may never get this dysfunction.

• Metabolic syndrome (Syndrome X), a newly described dysfunction, is a combination of medical conditions illustrated by:
  • Elevated insulin levels, especially fasting.
  • HbA1c (hemoglobin glycated with glucose) level abnormal.
  • Glucose not metabolized correctly.
  • Abnormal lipid profile.
  • High blood pressure.
  • Excess weight.
  • Abdominal fat distribution large.

• People are eating more starches in the form of immediate sugars from foods and drinks. They also are eating so–called "complex carbohydrates" thinking they are getting little or no sugar from the latter.
• There are an increasing number of people seeing their health practitioners and nutritionists for "no energy."

• Organic Matter—sticks, plants, organic matter, for instance, bursts into flames—spontaneous combustion.

• A slowing down of time as a large body passes nearby Planet Earth:
  • Time runs faster farther from gravity because of the relationship between the energy of light and frequency.

  • Time runs slower near a massive body, like the Earth, or a passing huge object such as a Star or another planet, etc., because it is closer to gravity.

  These predictions were tested and proven in 1962, "using a pair of very accurate clocks mounted at the top and bottom of a water tower. The clock at the base of the tower, nearer to the earth, is found to run slower than the one at the top" — A Brief History of Time, Stephen Hawking, Updated & Expanded Edition, p. 43.
  How would one know such a thing? When the Sun is straight up in the sky, his watch would only read, depending upon which part of the planet he is at during such an Event, 6 am, or 9 am in the morning and yet, he can tell by looking at the Sun, it is noon time.
  • Interference with wireless cellphones, internet, radio, TV, vagal nerve stimulator, etc. Also included in this are pacemakers and insulin pumps. Anything depending on electricity and electronics.

  • EMF's interacting with hi–tension wires may generate auras.

  • Aurora Borealis at the North Pole may come down further South than ever before. It may be seen in South America. And the Aurora Australis at the South Pole may be seen as far North as Canada.

  • An abnormal number of deaths occurring throughout the world, such that world governments issue "Statements of Alarm."

  If Things Around You Start Changing—Sticks Burst Into Flames, Butterflies Disintegrate, And So–Forth...

  Get UnderGround!

  The World Has Run Out Of Time!

AARP Bulletin'Blue Light at Night, Blue Skies in the Morning,' Karaim, Reed. October 2006.

A Brief History of Time, Updated & Expanded Edition, Hawking, Stephen, Bantam Press, 1996.

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Organ Institute of Science and Medicine. DVDs. Disk 1- 8:

• Fighting Chance: Ten feet to survival.

• Fighting Chance.
  • Emergency Medicine Presentation & Interview. Dr. Jane M. Orient.
  • Steel Blast Shelter Tour. Narrated by Arthur B. Robinson.
  • Mobile Shelter Display Tour. Narrated by Arthur B. Robinson.
  • Nuclear War Survival Skills Overview. Narrated by Cresson H. Kearny.
  • Road to the Wall

• Nuclear War Survival Skills with Cresson H. Kearny.
  • Part 1: Expedient Blast and Radiation Shelters
  • Part 2: Shelter Ventilation and Various Other Survival Skills

• Nuclear War Survival Skills with Cresson H. Kearny.
  • Part 3: Home-makeable and Commercial Fallout Radiation Meters.
  • Part 4: Facts About Nuclear War As Told To Teenagers.

• Soviet Civil Defense:
  • Part 1: Introduction. Interview of Dr. Leon Goure
  • Part 2: Soviet Training Manuals and Books. Current Journals - Section 1.

• Soviet Civil Defense
  • Part 3: Current Journals - Section 2. Soviet Training Film - Number 1.
  • Part 4: Soviet Training Films. Number 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

• Soviet Civil Defense
  • Part 5: Soviet Training Films. Number 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11.
  • Part 6: Soviet Training Films. Number 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16.

• Soviet Civil Defense
  • Part 7: Soviet Training Film Number 17. Soviet Civil Defense Posters. Presentation by Dr. Leon Goure. Including:

    Facts About Nuclear War
    As Explained to School Children
    By Dr. Jane Orient.

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Ray Peats Newsletter, 'Salt, Energy, Metabolic rate, and Longevity.' January 2009, copyright 2007.

Ray Peat's Newsletter, 'Preventing and Treating Cancer With Progesterone,' Peat, Ray. May 2007, Copyright 2007.

Ray Peat's Newsletter, 'Stem Cells, Cell Culture, and Culture: Issues in Regineration,' Peat, Ray. September 2007, Copyright 2007.

Ray Peat's Newsletter, 'Suitable Fats, Unsuitable Fats: Issues in Nutrition,' Peat, Ray. November 2007, Copyright 2006. Click Here For WebSite.

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The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Compiled and edited by Glasstone, Samuel; and Dolan, Philip J., Third Edition. Prepared and published by the United States Department of Defense and the Energy Research and Development Administration, 1977.

The Facts On File Dictionary of Biochemistry, Daintith, John. Checkmark Books, 2003.

The Horizon Project: Bracing For Tomorrow, Miller, Brent. 2007. We suggest everyone have this DVD. Buy several and sent to friends. Ask them to do similar. Order Here

The Long Emergency, Kunstler, James Howard. Atlantic Monthly Press, N.Y., 2005.

The Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse, by Makoff, Greg and Kosta Tsipis. Report #19. Program in Science and Technology for International Security, Cambridge, MA, March 1988.

The Tunguska Fireball: Solving One of the Great Mysteries of the 20th Century, Surendar Verma.

The Zapping of America: Microwaves, Their Deadly Risk and The Cover–Up, Brodeur, Paul. Norton, 1977.

The Witness of the Stars, Bullinger, E. W. Kregel Publications, reprinted 07.

Warning: The Electricity Around You May Be Hazardous To Your Health: How To Protect Yourself From EMFs and Why You Should, Sugarman, Ellen. Morris Publishing, 1992.

When Life Nearly Died: The Greatest Mass Extinction of All Time, Benton, Michael J., Thames & Hudson, 2003.

Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress – Related Diseases, and Coping, Sapolsky, Robert M., Third Edition. Owl Books, 2004.

Times in America will change rather abruptly.
Your WebMasters suggest you check your
Medicine Supply/List.

We Feel This Is Going To Be A Long, Hard Siege
Get Prepared...Time Is Short Now...
Other WebPages of Interest:

Purifying Water ¦ When The Hell Breaks ¦ Gun Page

Galactic Plane

Soon..The Rocks Will Fall...See The Galactic Plane

The Impact and Its Consequences

Ronking & Gronking In Distress
Press Play To Start
Mass Extinctions Occur Around This Time Of Passing Through The Galactic Plane
The Earth Is Also Coming To The End Of An Age, As The Precession Ends

The Rocks Are Coming

A City Being Stoned

It is Now time to start downsizing....do you really need three or four vehicles...Cable or Direct TV... etc.?
We do suggest you get a dedicated fax line.
Join a number of fax networks to stay apprised of what is coming and when it comes; what is going down.
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